2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you.______ the need to be touched to open or close,automatic doors are essential in ______ 2 disabled access to buildings and helping provide general ____ 3 to commercial buildings. Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years __ 4 by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl.They ____ 5 as a novelty feature,but as their use has grown,their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly 7 in busy locations or during times of emergency,the doors 8 crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people's way. 9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area 10____ by them.Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another.Replacing swing doors,these ____ 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to 12 the way for a large, sticking-out door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each 13 signals to tell them when to open. ____ 14 Each automatic door system ____ 16 specific these methods differ,the main ____ 15 remain the same. the light,sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open.Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in. 18 ,a busy street might not ____ 19 a motion-sensored door,as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure sensitive mat would be more ____ 20 to limit the surveyed area. 1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without 2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving [D]tracing 3.[A]experience [B]convenience [C]guidance [D]reference 4.[A]previously [B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually 5.[A]held on [B]started out [C]settled down [D]went by 6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits [D]sources 7.[A]useful [B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable 8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as 9.[A]As well as [B]In terms of [C]Thanks to [D]Rather than 10.[A]connected [B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied 11.[A]allow [B]expect [C]require [D]direct 12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear [D]change 13.[A]adapting to [B]deriving from [C]relying on [D]pointing at 15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles [D]reasons 16.[A]controls [B]analyses [C]produces [D]mixes 17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement 18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example [D]Above all 19.[A]identify [B]suit [C]secure [D]include 20.[A]appropriate [B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicate Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points) Text 1 Nearly 2000 years ago,as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland,they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails,nearly a million of the things.The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel. Why had the Romans buried a million nails?The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed,and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron.The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia. Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material.As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts,early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails,which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was. The price of nails fell by 90%between the late 1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper.According to Sichel,although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy,most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails. Nails themselves have changed over the years,but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much.Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails.It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense. I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects:their price.I am an economist,after all.After writing two books about the history of inventions,one thing I've learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype,it's the The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on,thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper.Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap;now they are transforming the global energy system. 21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of____________ [A]saving them for future use [B]keeping them from rusting [C]letting them grow in value [D]hiding them from the locals 22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to______ [A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists [B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period [C]contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails [D]show the preciousness ofnail-making technology at that time 23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s? [A]Increased productivity. [B]Wider use of new energies. [C]Fiercer market competition. [D]Reduced cost ofraw materials. 24.It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nails__________ [A]have undergone many technological improvements [B]have remained basically the same since Roman times [C]are less studied than other everyday products [D]are one of the world's most significant inventions 25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs? [A]Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change. [B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success. [C]Technology defines people's understanding of the world. [D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions. Text 2 Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children,researchers have suggested.The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana,where each child is cared for by many adults.Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and "baby-wearing",in which infants are carried in slings,is considered the norm. According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary,an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices,Known as alloparenting,could lead to less anxiety for children and parents. into western life.In Germany,one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children,an arrangement akin to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities. In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history.This abrupt shift to an"intensive mothering narrative",which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone,was likely to have been harmful.“Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,"they wrote. By contrast,in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour. Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on”benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three. While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western "instructive teaching",where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development.” 26.According to the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of________ [A]sharing child care among community members [B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers [C]teaching parenting details to older children [D]carrying infants around by their parent 27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate__________ [A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication [B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture [C]the conventional parenting style in western culture [D]the differences between western African ways of living 28.According to Paragraph 4,the "intensive mothering narrative"____________ [A]alleviate parenting pressure [B]considerate family relationships [C]results in the child-centered family [D]departs from the course of evolution [A]They tend to fall short of official requirements. [B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers. [C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio. [D]They should try to prevent parental depression. 30.Which of the following would be the best title ? [A]Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parents [B]For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherers [C]Mix-aged playgroup,a better choice for lonely children [D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to Europe Text 3 Rutkowski is a Polish digital arist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons &Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation. His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in“Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,”and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski's style. But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough. According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands oftimes in the Discord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his. “It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because [the internet]will be flooded with AI art,"Rutkowski says."That's concerning." “There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says. 31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs? [A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting. [B]He is popular with the users of an AI art generator.

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